Pinhole camera projection function
Backlinks: Pinhole camera model See also: World to camera trafo
Source:
Mur-Artal 2017 VI-ORB
3D points

Projection function 
Transforms 3D points into 2D points on image plane

Focal length:

Principal point:

The projection does not consider the distortion due to the lens
- therefore when extracting image features, first undistort their coordinates
- only then match to projected points (existing features which have undergone projection from 3D to 2D)
Source:
Lamarca 2019 DefSLAM
3D point:

Projection function maps
- extrinsic camera parameters SE(3)
- world map point
to a 2D image point (becomes a projected map point)
from camera transformation
Image
- Set of observations in image: set of keypoints which are matched to map points
- Normalised keypoint coordinates

Source: http://www.cse.psu.edu/~rtc12/CSE486/lecture12.pdf
Derivation of the perspective projection